POINT CENTERED QUARTER METHOD

Practicum Reports

Arranged to fulfill duties of Ecology course that are

lectured by Mr. Dr.Hadi Suwono, M.Sc. and Mrs. Dr.Vivi Novianti, S.Si, M.Si.

Made by:

Offering A/ group 2

Aushofusy Syarifa Agustin/150341606815

M. Taufik Aji F /150341602764

Purwaning Rohmah /15034600847

Ruri Indarti / 150341600730

Shela Emilia Permatasari /15034103981

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE

BIOLOGY MAJOR

March 2017

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background

Indonesia is one of the countries passed by a line equator. This has led indonesia to become a tropical country. Indonesia country consisting of thousands of islands having huge biodiversity. The climate condition suitable made biodiversity of living things can occupy areas on indonesian archipelago. Many organisms that occupies indonesia, included flora and fauna. Indonesian natural richness already got recognition in the world as a country with the second highest biodiversity level after brazil. Thus, this country called as a megabiodiversity of flora country (Heriyanto, 2007).

Vegetation of the urban forest is so much influenced by the composition of trees that have been planted there. The tree is a woody plant that has a stright prime stem to prop up the whole plant (Tjitrosoepomo, 1993).

In the urban forest ecosystem will find a wide variety of trees that will be home to several birds and as a food source, so it will realize an order of urban forest complex with all the vegetation that is in them interacting with each other.

Study of plant communities or vegetation is part of Plant ecology studies. Broadly speaking, the method of analysis in vegetation science can be grouped in two things: the methods of destructive and non-destructive methods. For the destructive method, carried out in order to understand the organic matter produced, whereas for the non-destructive methods can be divided into two approaches, the approach floristic and non floristic (Syafei, 1990).

1.2  Formulation of The Problem

           1.      What are the plant species that live in the Malabar forest?

           2.      What are the Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) of every plant species in a vegetation using point

               centered quarter method in the Malabar forest?

         3.      What are the influence of abiotic factors towards the dominancy of plants in the Malabar forest?

1.3  Purpose

          1.      To know what kind of plant species lives in the Malabar forest.

       2.      To know the Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) of every plant species in a vegetation using point centered quarter method in the Malabar forest.

          3.      To know the influence of abiotic factors towards the dominancy of plants in the Malabar forest.

1.4  Benefits

          1.      Student

Student can apllying PCQ analysis method of vegetation in an area of urban forest as the beginning trial before the time to apllying it in the bigger place such as Alas Purwo forest in Banyuwangi when KKL.

1.5  Operational Definition

Point centered quarter methods (PCQ) is one of the methods without plot. The advantage of using the method without the plot than the standard plot-based techniques is that the method of point centered quarter (PCQ) tend to be more efficient. Without plot method, it is faster to do, requiring relatively little equipment, so it requires little labor too.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Vegetation

Vegetation is a collection of plants, usually consisting of several types of living together in one place. In the mechanisms of life together are close interactions, both amongst individuals vegetation component itself and with other organisms making a living system and growing and dynamic (Martono, 2012).

Vegetation, soil and climate are closely linked and in every place has a specific balance. Vegetation somewhere will vary with vegetation elsewhere because of its different environmental factors. The forest vegetation is something dynamic system, always evolving in accordance with the state of the habitat.

Tjitrosoepomo (2004), stated that the analysis of plant communities is a way of studying the arrangement or composition or structure of the type and form of vegetation. In forest ecology, vegetation units are studied or investigated in the form of plant community is a concrete association of all the species of plants that occupy a habitat. Therefore, the objectives to be achieved in a community analysis is to determine the species composition and community structure in an area being studied.  

Study of plant communities or vegetation is part of Plant ecology studies. Broadly speaking, the method of analysis in vegetation can be grouped in two types: destructive and  non-destructive methods. For the destructive method, carried out in order to understand the organic matter produced, whereas for the non-destructive methods can be divided into two approaches, the approach floristic and non floristic (Syafei, 1990).

In reviewing a vegetation can be done by observing the external appearance or a general idea of ​​the existence of such vegetation regardless of the kinds of plants that make up the vegetation. Such activity is commonly known as the study of non-floristic vegetation physiognomy. So in this case knowledge of the taxonomy of the types of plants vegetation component is necessary, but the depiction of the vegetation may be based on forms of life (life-form of herbs, shrubs and trees). Besides, the study of vegetation attention taxonomy plant species as components of the vegetation is a floristic study (Rohman, 2001).

2.2 Point Centered Quarter (PCQ) Method

The point-centered quarter method was developed by Cottam and Curtis in the 1950’s as a plotless technique to estimate density. It assumes that the key species follow a random spatial pattern, and is sensitive to bias when plants exhibit a more contagious arrangement. It also requires extra field effort and computational input than many of the other distance methods. Despite these disadvantages, the point-centered quarter method has been used in a wide variety of vegetation types, including some attempts to sample herbaceous vegetation.

Methods point centered quarter (PCQ) is a method that is widely used for a range of trees and shrubs. The parameters used are the density, dominance and frequency of. The number of individuals in an area can be determined by measuring the distance between the individual plants with the sampling point. Sampling point is the point in the transect line, at that point divided into four quadrants, each quadrant of the most sought after seal with the individual sampling points.

Methods point centered quarter (PCQ) is one of the methods without plot. The advantage of using the method without the plot than the standard plot-based techniques is that the method of point centered quarter (PCQ) tend to be more efficient. Without plot method is faster to perform, requiring relatively little equipment, so it requires little labor (Mitchell, 2007).

Quadrant method or "Point-Centered Quarter Method" is one method of distance (Distance Method). This method does not use sample plot (plotless) and generally used in the analysis stage vegetation tree or pole (pole). But can also be equipped with saplings (mutual or belta) and seedlings (seedling) if you want to observe the vegetation structure tree. Trees are plants ³ 20 cm in diameter, the diameter of 10-20 cm is piling, diameter <10 cm and height of trees> 2.5 m is the stake, as well as tree height <2.5 m is tillers. Terms implementation quadrant method is the distribution of tree or pole to be analyzed must be random and not clumped or uniform (Mitchell, 2007).

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

1.   

2.   

3.   

    3.1  Location

Research was held in the Malabar forest (urban forest), Malang.

     3.2  Time

Time of this experiment took place on Thursday, March, 16^th 2017.

     3.3  Equipment and Materials

The equipment required in Point Centered Quarter (PCQ) method includes roll meter, measuring tape for cloth, Clinometer, compass, stationery, rafia rope, camera, thermohigrometer, soil termometer, and  soil analyzer. While the materials needed  in Point Centered Quarter (PCQ) method are plastic bag, and label papper.

     3.4  Methods

1.      Deciding the place for observing that is a complex vegetation.

2.      Deciding a center point of observation.

3.      Preparing for the clinometer and roll meter.

4.      Making a quadrant for 5x5m, the total are 3 plots without any space between plots.

5.      Searching for trees that has minimal circumference 30 cm and the location is nearest with center point ofthe four transek.

6.      Measuring circumference of the tree which is the same line with obervers’ chest using roll meter

7.      Measuring height of theobserver from eyes through the end of toes.

8.      Measuring distance between trees and center point.

9.      Measuring distance between obeserver and tree.

10.  Deciding elevation angle using clinometer

11.  Measuring abiotic factor in each plot.

12.  Counting variable: relative density, relative dominance, relative frequency, important value index (INP)

CHAPTER IV

DATA AND DISCUSSION

1.   

2.   

3.   

4.   

       4.1  Data

Tabel 1. The result of Point Centered Quarter (PCQ) method observation

Sampling point	No. Quarter	Distance (cm)	Plant name	Tree Diameter (cm)	roving Trees	High Trees (α, Distance Observations)
1	1	30	Falcataria moluccana	70.064	220	80 0 + (730 cm)
	2	-	-	-	-	-
	3	-	-	-	-	-
	4	-	-	-	-	-
2	1	230	Falcataria moluccana	20.064	63	60 0 + (753 cm)
	2	-	-	-	-	-
	3	-	-	-	-	-
	4	-	-	-	-	-
3	1	-	-	-	-	-
	2	109	Falcataria moluccana.	15.923	50	60 0 + (1255 cm)
	3	-	-	-	-	-
	4	-	-	-	-	-
4	No trees	-	-	-	-	-
5	No trees	-	-	-	-	-

Height of 1^st people 1 = 144 cm

Height of 2^nd and 3^rd people = 155 cm

Ø  Analysis height of the tree = (tan α x) + t

T1 = (tan α x) + t

= (Tan 80 × 730) + 144

= 4284.04 cm

= 42.84 m

T2 = (tan α x) + t

= (Tan 60 × 753) + 155

= 1459.23 cm

= 14.59 m

T3 = (tan α x) + t

= (Tan 60 × 1255) + 155

= 2328.72 cm

= 23,28 m

Ø  Basal Area

BA = 1/4 πd ²

BA1 = 1/4 πd ²

  = ¼. 3.14. 70.064 ²

= 3853, 537

BA2 = 1/4 πd ²

  = ¼. 3.14. 20.064 ²

= 316, 013

BA3 = 1/4 πd ²

              = ¼. 3.14. 15.923 ² = 119.030

Average BA = (3853, 537 + 316, 013 + 119.030) / 3

= 1429.527

Ø  The average distance = Number of total distance

      number of individuals

   = 30 + 230 + 109

3

   = 369/3

   = 123

Ø  Absolute Density Basal Area = x (average distance) ²

= 1429.527 x 123 ²

= 21,627,313.98

Ø  Amount trees per 100 m2 = 100 / (average distance) ²

          = 100/123² x1

          = 0.006609822196

Ø  Relative density = 0.006609822196 / .006609822196 x 100

    = 100

Ø  Calculating dominance

Falcataria moluccana.

D tree	BA
70.064	3853, 537
20.064	316, 013
15.923	119.030
Total BA = 4288.58 Average BA = 1429.527

Ø  Calculating the dominance of plant species

Dominance type = BA x average number of trees per 100 m2

= 1429.527 x .006609822196

= 9.44897091

Ø  Calculating the relative dominance

Dominance relative = 9.44897091 / 9.44897091x 100

= 100

Ø  Calculating the relative frequency

Relative frequency = (3/3) x 100

= 100

Ø  Calculating the value of the index is important

Important Value Index = relative density + relative dominance + relative frequency

= 100 + 100 + 100

= 300

From the analysis of vegetation using the PCQ (Point Centered Quarter), known types of plants that dominate in the Forest City that is Falcataria moluccana Malabar.

  

4.2 Discussion

In practical activities conducted extensive observations of vegetation in an area. Area used is Forest City area of Malabar, Malang. Vegetation analysis method used in this activity is the Point Centered Quarter (PCQ). This method is done by dividing the plot into four quadrants and determine the midpoint of the quadrant. Then, look for a tree that its closest distance to the midpoint in each quadrant. Then, the distance between the tree and the point is measured and measured the circumference of the tree.

Based on the analysis that has been done, get three trees of the same type on the three plots of total 5 plots were analyzed. The plant is Falcataria moluccana. Therefore only got one kind of plant, the values of relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance Falcataria moluccana is 100 with an IVI of 300. There is no order of highest INP for the analysis results just calculate relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance same plant.

Falcataria moluccana found on plots 1, 2 and that has almost the same abiotic conditions. pH on plots 1 and 2 is 6.8 whereas the third plot is 7.5. Soil pH is slightly acidic to neutral suitable for plant growth Falcataria moluccana. Light on plot 1 is worth 4.8, on plot 2 was 3.2 and the third plot of 4.2. Malabar City in forest areas, the lighting is still relatively light because the trees are not too tight and orderly planting. The third plot soil fertility is low. Temperatures between 27-28 ⁰ C, the average temperature in the city of Malang. Humidity on the plot 1 was 59%, on a plot of 2 is 60% and the third plot is 62%. Appropriate humidity will optimize plant growth.

Sengon can grow from coast to 1600 meters above sea level, but in general growth will be optimum if it grows in the range of 0-800 meters above sea level (Hidayat, 2002). While on the island of Java, this type of alleged grows best at an altitude between 250-400 meters above sea level, on a hot and humid climate with an annual average temperature ranges from 26^oC - 30^oC (Alrasyid, 1972; Heyne, 1987). This species can be planted at the site who are infertile without fertilization, however, in lands with poor drainage, this type do not grow well (Hidayat, 2002).

Sengon grow well in the area that lies between 10^oLS- 3^oLU which had 15 days of rain in the fourth driest month. Rainfall annual average suitable for this plant is 2.000- 2.700 mm. Nevertheless in Philippines best sengon growth lies in the area's annual rainfall of 4,500 mm without dry months. Annual average temperature ranges between 26 ^° -30 ^° C, with an average maximum temperature of the hot months is 30 ^o -34 ^o C and the average maximum cold months is 20^o - 24^o C (Alrasyid, 1981).

Furthermore, IVI a type is a value that describes the role of the existence of a kind of community. The greater the IVI a species, the greater the role of the type in the community (Mitchell, 2007). Thus, an important role in the community Falcataria moluccana Malabar State Forest.

Forest City Malabar is an artificial forest allocation that the vegetation has been arranged such that most of the plants with the same kind collected in one specific region. The situation is causing vegetation analysis results do not show their diversity. Vegetation on the plots tested was dominated by Falcataria moluccana.

CHAPTER V

CLOSING

5.1 Conclusion

1.      The vegetation on the third plot in Malabar Malang City Forest is dominated by plants Falcataria moluccana with an IVI about 300.

2.      INP (Indek Nilai Penting) or IVI in the third plot is 300. The results indicate that the diversity of plants in Forest City Malabar is low.

3.      The abiotic factors influence the adaptation of plants, so it can influence the plant diversity (H’), plant average (E), and plant richness (R).

      

5.2 Suggestion

1. For laboratories, should provide tools and materials in more amount. So the observer can observing more faster
2. Obeserver needs to learn about the project seriously, so the observation can run  faster because the observer already understood further than before
3. Reader is expected can keep biodiversity of plant in the environment

REFFERENCES

Alrasyid, H. 1973. Some Remarks About Albizia Falcataria (L) .Fosberg. Bogor: Forest Research Institute.

Eurusi, J, Yanen. 1990. Pengantar ekologi tumbuhan tropika. Bandung: ITB.

Heyne, K. 1987. Useful Plants III. Jakarta: Forestry Research and Development Agency Publisher Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya.

Hidayat, J., 2002. Brief Information Seed Paraserianthes Falcataria (L) Nielsen. No 23, June 2002. Jakarta: Danida Forest.

Kurniawan, A. And Parikshit, 2008. Distribution Type Trees Along the Environmental Factors in the Nature Penamnjung Pangandaran. West Java.

Mitchell, Kevin. 2007. Quantitative Analysis by the Point-Centered Quarter Method. NewYork: Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

Rasosoedarmo, R. Soedarman. 1986. Pengantar ekologi. Bandung: CV remaja karya.

Rohman, Fatchur. 2001. Petunjuk Praktikum Ekologi Tumbuhan. Malang: FMIPA UM. 

Syafei, E. Surasana. 1990. Pengantar ekologi tumbuhan. Bandung. ITB.

Syafei, Eden Surasana. 1990. Introduction to Plant Ecology. ITB: Bandung.

Tjitrosoepomo, kingpin. 2004. Taxonomy of plants Spermatophyta. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University.

Winarno R.  dkk. 1997 . Lingkungan Hidup Aba. Malang : YAB Malang.