NON-FLORISTIC METHOD

Practicum Reports

Arranged to fulfill duties of Ecology course that are

lectured by Mr. Dr.Hadi Suwono, M.Sc. and Mrs. Dr.Vivi Novianti, S.Si, M.Si.

Made by:

Offering A/ group 2

Aushofusy Syarifa Agustin    150341606815

M. Taufik Aji F                       150341602764

Purwaning Rohmah                15034600847

Ruri Indarti                             150341600730

Shela Emilia Permatasari         15034103981

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE

BIOLOGY MAJOR

March 2017

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background

Indonesia is one of the countries passed by a line equator. This has led indonesia to become a tropical country. Indonesia country consisting of thousands of islands having huge biodiversity. The climate condition suitable made biodiversity of living things can occupy areas on indonesian archipelago. Many organisms that occupies indonesia, included flora and fauna. Indonesian natural richness already got recognition in the world as a country with the second highest biodiversity level after brazil. Thus, this country called as a megabiodiversity of flora country (Heriyanto, 2007).

Vegetation of the urban forest is so much influenced by the composition of trees that have been planted there. The tree is a woody plant that has a stright prime stem to prop up the whole plant (Tjitrosoepomo, 1993).

In the urban forest ecosystem will find a wide variety of trees that will be home to several birds and as a food source, so it will realize an order of urban forest complex with all the vegetation that is in them interacting with each other.

Study of plant communities or vegetation is part of Plant ecology studies. Broadly speaking, the method of analysis in vegetation science can be grouped in two things: the methods of destructive and non-destructive methods. For the destructive method, carried out in order to understand the organic matter produced, whereas for the non-destructive methods can be divided into two approaches, the approach floristic and non floristic (Syafei, 1990).

1.2  Formulation of The Problem

           1.      How to understand and applying non-floristical approach in the vegetation analysis method in the Malabar forest?

            2.      What are the stratification of the vegetation in the Malabar forest area?

1.3  Purpose

            1.      To know what kind of plant species lives in the Malabar forest.

         2.      To know the Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) of every plant species in a vegetation using point centered quarter method in the Malabar forest.

          3.      To know the influence of abiotic factors towards the dominancy of plants in the Malabar forest.

          4.      To know how to understand and applying non-floristical approach in the vegetation analysis method in the Malabar forest.

            5.      To know the stratification of the vegetation in the Malabar forest area.

1.4  Benefits

      1.      Student

Student can apllying non-floristic analysis method of vegetation in an area of urban forest as the beginning trial before the time to apllying it in the bigger place such as Alas Purwo forest in Banyuwangi when KKL.

1.5  Operational Definition

Non-floristic method  is a method of describing the spread of vegetation by its closure, as well as inputs for other disciplines (Syafei,1990).

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Vegetation

Vegetation is a collection of plants, usually consisting of several types of living together in one place. In the mechanisms of life together are close interactions, both amongst individuals vegetation component itself and with other organisms making a living system and growing and dynamic (Martono, 2012).

Vegetation, soil and climate are closely linked and in every place has a specific balance. Vegetation somewhere will vary with vegetation elsewhere because of its different environmental factors. The forest vegetation is something dynamic system, always evolving in accordance with the state of the habitat.

Tjitrosoepomo (2004), stated that the analysis of plant communities is a way of studying the arrangement or composition or structure of the type and form of vegetation. In forest ecology, vegetation units are studied or investigated in the form of plant community is a concrete association of all the species of plants that occupy a habitat. Therefore, the objectives to be achieved in a community analysis is to determine the species composition and community structure in an area being studied.  

Study of plant communities or vegetation is part of Plant ecology studies. Broadly speaking, the method of analysis in vegetation can be grouped in two types: destructive and  non-destructive methods. For the destructive method, carried out in order to understand the organic matter produced, whereas for the non-destructive methods can be divided into two approaches, the approach floristic and non floristic (Syafei, 1990).

In reviewing a vegetation can be done by observing the external appearance or a general idea of ​​the existence of such vegetation regardless of the kinds of plants that make up the vegetation. Such activity is commonly known as the study of non-floristic vegetation physiognomy. So in this case knowledge of the taxonomy of the types of plants vegetation component is necessary, but the depiction of the vegetation may be based on forms of life (life-form of herbs, shrubs and trees). Besides, the study of vegetation attention taxonomy plant.

2.2 Non-Florictic Method

Method of  non-floristic approach  is one method of vegetation analysis by observing  the external appearance or general description of vegetation or plants with regardless of taxonomy (Syafei, 1990). In the method of non-floristic analysis of vegetation, each plant characteristic properties are divided into more detailed expressed through symbols, images and fonts (Syafei, 1990). Characteristics and formation of vegetation would be different if it is in different habitats. It is strongly influenced by environmental factors and microclimates prevailing in a particular habitat. Therefore, measurement of important environmental factors are also conducted to assess a vegetation that live in a particular habitat. Specificity of the landscape greatly affect vegetation types as he topped the tropical rain forest, savanna, praire, cactus in the desert, and so forth (Syafei, 1990). Landscape characteristics also affect different life forms.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

1.   

2.   

3.   

    3.1  Location

Research was held in the Malabar forest (urban forest), Malang.

    3.2  Time

Time of this experiment took place on Thursday, March, 16^th 2017.

     3.3  Equipment and Materials

The equipment required in non-floristic method includes roll meter, stationery, rafia rope, and camera. While the materials needed  in non-floristic method are plastic bag, label papper, and observation table.

       3.4  Methods

              1.       Dividing plots that are already decided into 4 regions, there are quadrant 1, 2, 3, and 4

             2.       Doing the vegetation analysis in the quadran 3 using non-floristic method (Destructive). The obervation include observing of live shape, stratification, cover,  leaf function, shape and size of the leaf, and leaf texture.

CHAPTER IV

DATA AND DISCUSSION

1.   

2.   

3.   

4.   

      4.1  Data

Table 1. The result of non-floristik method observation

Plot	No	Species name	Formula	Amount
1	1. 2. 3.	Ficus sp. Axonopus compressus Galinsoga parviflora	S,4,B,I,A,E H,7,C,I,G,F H,7,I,I,A,E	1 231 46
2	1. 2. 3.	Terminalia catappa Axonopus compressus Galinsoga parviflora	S,5,B,I,H,E H,7,C,I,G,F H,7,I,I,A,E	1 108 100
3	1. 2. 3.	Gomphrena celosioides Ditrichum pallidum Galinsoga parviflora	H,7,B,I,A,E M,7,I,I,Q,O H,7,I,I,A,E	1 < 60 % 1
4	1. 2. 3. 4.	Oldenlandia corymbosa Gomphrena celosioides Albizia chinensis Axonopus compressus	H,7,B,I,G,F H,7,B,I,A,E W,2,B,I,V,E H,7,C,I,G,F	1 1 1 104
5	1. 2. 3.	Axonopus compressus Ditrichum pallidum Conocephalum conicum	H,7,C,I,G,F M,7,I,I,Q,O M,7,B,I,Q,O	96 < 60 % < 10 %

From the results of the observations made in the Malabar Forest taken in Malang city. There are 5 plots in total. It has been found various plant species with a different distribution. On plot 1 discovered species include: Ficus sp. S, 4, B, I, A, E. This plant is a shrub with a height of 2-4 meters. Closing very rarely evergreen leaves, leaf shape and size medium (small) with leaf texture like membrane. Axonopus compressus: H, 7, C, I, G, F is an herbaceous plant with a height of from 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closure continue evergreen leaves have the shape and size of leaves graminoids with leaf texture is very thin, like a film paper. It’s also found Galinsoga parviflora: H, 7, I, I, A, E This is a herbaceous plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closing discontinue evergreen leaves, leaf shape and size medium (small) with leaf texture like membrane.

In the second plot discovered species with the specifications are: Terminalia catappa S, 5, B, I, H, E is an herbaceous plant (short woody plant) with a height of 0.5-2 meters. Closure is very rare that the leaves are always green leaf, shape and size and large broad leaves with a texture like membrane. Axonopus compressus: H, 7, C, I, G, F is an herbaceous plant with a height of from 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closure continue evergreen leaves have the shape and size of leaves graminoids with leaf texture is very thin, like a film paper. Found also Galinsoga parviflora H, 7, I, I, A, E This is a herbaceous plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closing discontinue evergreen leaves, leaf shape and size medium (small) with leaf texture like membrane

In the third plot is found in the form: Gomphrena celosioides H, 7, B, I, A, E. This is an herb with a height from 0.0 to 0.1 m. Closing very rarely leaves are always green leaf, shape and size medium or small leaves with a texture like membrane. Ditrichum pallidum M, 7, I, I, Q. This plant is a bryoid plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Discontinuous closure of less than 60% of the leaves are always green leaf, shape and size of leaves “bertalus” and do not have real leaves. It was also found that the plants: Galinsoga parviflora H, 7, I, I, A, E. This is a herbaceous plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closing discontinue evergreen leaves, leaf shape and size medium (small) with leaf texture like membrane.      

In the fourth plot discovered species include: Oldenlandia corymbosa H, 7, B, I, G, F is an herbaceous plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closure group whose leaves are always green leaf, leaf shape and size graminoids with a texture very thin like a film paper. Gomphrena celosioides: H, 7, B, I, A, E. This is a herbaceous plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 m. Closing very rarely leaves are always green leaf, shape and size medium or small leaves with a texture like membrane.

Albizia chinensis W, 2, B, I, V, E. This plant is a woody tall tree with a height of 10-25 meters. Closure is very rare that the leaves are always green leaves, has a compound leaf shape and size with a texture like membrane. Also found Axonopus compressus H, 7, C, I, G, F.  This is a herbaceous plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closure continue evergreen leaves have the shape and size of leaves graminoids with leaf texture is very thin, like a film paper.

On fifth plot, species were also found in the form of: Axonopus compressus H, 7, C, I, G, F: This is a herbaceous plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closure continue evergreen leaves have the shape and size of leaves graminoids with leaf texture is very thin, like a film paper. Ditrichum pallidum M, 7, I, I, Q, O. This plant is a bryoid plant with a height of from 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Discontinuous closure of less than 60% of the leaves are always green leaf, shape and size of leaves “bertalus” and do not have real leaves. In this plot discovered species also be Conocephalum conicum M, 7, B, I, Q, O. This plant is a p bryoid lant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closing very rarely leaves are always green leaf, shape and size of leaves bertalus and has no real leaf.

4.2 Discussion

Based on the observations that have been made in the Forest Malabar Malang using 2,5 x 2,5 quadrant can be concluded that the vegetation in the forest is dominated by Axonopus compressus which are herbaceous plants that stratification from 0.0 to 0.1 m the closure of this plant the mean average continuous and according to quantitative analysis, plants contained in Malang city Malabar Forest vegetation is dominated by evergreen plants and has the shape of leaves and leaf size and texture of the grass graminoids like membrane. According Syafei (1990) states that a plant can be classified by a certain type, can be herbs, shrubs, trees and shrubs depends on closing existing plants in the vegetation.

The second vegetation component at Malabar Forest Galinsoga parviflora Malang is a herbaceous plant with a height of 0.0 to 0.1 meters. Closing discontinue evergreen leaves, leaf shape and size medium (small) with leaf texture like membrane. The closure of woody plants on plots specified is very rare, not vegetal Axonopus compressus more numerous
According Rasosoedasmo (1986), in an ecosystem every life form has characteristics and specific interests or special so it can happen adaptation of a certain species in the environment. In addition to the environmental factors vegetation is also influenced by the changes are not exhaustive by humans, animals, and even natural disasters. In addition Eurusie (1990) states that the establishment of a place of plants is also affected by the wind in the region capable of forming plants with a variety of forms, such as herbs, shrubs, trees, shrubs, etc. The wind was instrumental in the process of plant reproduction, namely as a means of pollination or vector. In addition, wind also helped the dispersal of seeds. Seed dispersal is also assisted by other animals such as birds.

Vegetation that we analyzed quantitatively the plant leaves always been green and medium size, in Syafei (1990) that environmental variation would help an image in an ecosystem of plants, for example, stratification of a plant will provide different radiation in receipt of environmental factors such as temperature, surface land will vary with the temperature in the air. Given these differences, the Syafei (1990) stated that their tolerance sherfold law which states that any environmental factors have the minimum conditions and maximum capable of affecting the state of the plant.

From the data obtained ynag be differences of plants. There are herbaceous, there is also the form of trees. According to Winarno (1997) suggests that environmental factors such as air, moisture and also mutually dependent living creatures in an ecosystem so that no one can change it. So everyone in the form of vegetation that would be mutually interact. While the formation of different profiles is an appearance of how the environment and all that there can live in the environment that all circumstances can not be separated from environmental factors that influence in a state or condition of the maximum and minimum.

CHAPTER V

CLOSING

5.1 Conclusion

Based on practical this time the results of the vegetation analysis using non-floristic method according to the classification system provided by Dansereu (1958) showed that vegetation in Forest City is dominated by plants species of Axonopus compressus which are herbaceous plants that stratification from 0.0 to 0.1 m. Closure or “pengkoveran” of this plant is the average continuous and according to quantitative analysis, plants contained in Malabar Forest vegetation is dominated by evergreen plants and has the shape of leaves and leaf size and texture of the grass graminoids like membrane.

5.2 Suggestion

1. For laboratories, should provide tools and materials in more amount. So the observer can observing more faster
2. Obeserver needs to learn about the project seriously, so the observation can run  faster because the observer already understood further than before
3. Reader is expected can keep biodiversity of plant in the environment

REFFERENCES

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Heyne, K. 1987. Useful Plants III. Jakarta: Forestry Research and Development Agency Publisher Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya.

Hidayat, J., 2002. Brief Information Seed Paraserianthes Falcataria (L) Nielsen. No 23, June 2002. Jakarta: Danida Forest.

Kurniawan, A. And Parikshit, 2008. Distribution Type Trees Along the Environmental Factors in the Nature Penamnjung Pangandaran. West Java.

Mitchell, Kevin. 2007. Quantitative Analysis by the Point-Centered Quarter Method. NewYork: Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

Rasosoedarmo, R. Soedarman. 1986. Pengantar ekologi. Bandung: CV remaja karya.

Rohman, Fatchur. 2001. Petunjuk Praktikum Ekologi Tumbuhan. Malang :

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Syafei, Eden Surasana. 1990. Introduction to Plant Ecology. ITB: Bandung.

Tjitrosoepomo, kingpin. 2004. Taxonomy of plants Spermatophyta. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University.

Winarno R.  dkk. 1997 . Lingkungan Hidup Aba. Malang : YAB Malang.